Full and short adjectives rule. Short form of adjective, spelling examples

The short form can only be formed from qualitative adjectives. relative and possessive adjectives They do not have a short form. The short form is formed from the base of the adjective and the endings: zero, -а(-я), -о(-е), -ы(-и).
For example, cheerful. The basis of the oars. Short form of cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful.
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with K or N, then when forming the forms male a fluent vowel appears: full - full, bitter - bitter.
For adjectives with the stem ending in –enn (painful, artificial) in the masculine form, N is truncated. For example, painful – painful (painful); Artificial - artificial (artificial); Limited – limited (limited).
Only in some cases is the correct form in -enn: sincere - sincere, base - base, frank - frank.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: glad, much, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -l- (comradely, efficient, advanced, skillful), denoting color (blue, lilac), color of animals (black, bay), high degree sign (tiny, thick), adjectives included in terminological names (deep rear, fast train).

13. Common mistakes in the use of pronouns.
Speech errors, associated with the use of pronouns, arise when using the pronouns YOURSELF, YOURSELF; demonstrative pronouns and pronouns OH.
1) The pronouns OWN and YOURSELF are often used instead of the personal and possessive pronouns required by the norm, or vice versa: Kostya liked HIS slippers (that’s right - HIS slippers); I found a book on MY table (that's right - on MY desk).
2) An error is also the unjustified repetition of demonstrative and personal pronouns in initial sentences text: When HE was on the lake, HE saw a tree there completely unusual shape.
3) When using the personal pronoun OH in indirect cases in combination with prepositions, the extension N is usually added to it, which is absent when the same pronoun is used without a preposition: HIM, HER - to Him, to Her. In common parlance, this rule is often violated.
4) Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural with modal verbs miss, yearn, etc. are used only in prepositional case: MISSING US, MISSING YOU (but: ... them). In the shape of singular personal pronouns are combined with dative case: I MISS FOR HIM.
5) After adverbial prepositions in spite of, according to, contrary to, towards, accordingly, similarly, inside, etc. the initial N is not added: in spite of him, towards her, inside them.
N is also not added after the preposition thanks and prepositional combinations not as an example, in contrast, about, from, in relation to, except for, etc., consisting of simple pretext and noun: thanks to him, on his part.
After the form comparative degree adjectives and adverbs, 3rd person pronouns are used without the initial N: older than him, better than her.
6) Collective noun(peasantry, students, group, etc.) cannot be replaced by a plural pronoun. For example, you cannot say: “The students have left for the holidays; they will have a good rest during the summer.” In order not to create the awkward combination “it will rest,” the word studentship should be replaced with the word students.
4) Reflexive pronouns SELF and OWN refer to the person performing the action. Therefore, in sentences: The tenant asked the janitor to take the things to him; The professor invited the assistant to read his report; the pronoun se itself refers to the noun janitor, and the pronoun svo refers to the word assistant.
5) Her forms are colloquial or outdated. The correct forms are from her, from her.
6) B literary language no special possessive pronouns to indicate ownership by a third party. If it is necessary to express these relationships, personal pronouns are used in genitive case: HER car, HER children. In common parlance, such possessive pronouns exist: theirs, hers, evoyny.
7) Relative pronouns used for communication simple sentences as part of a complex

The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old

The short form is formed by attaching to the base positive degree endings: Ø for masculine, - and I for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in -enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes subjective assessment: tall, blue.

From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).

Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.

The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears mainly as nominal part predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees(comparative degree is called comparative, and excellent - superlative).

Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.

comparative an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Peterhigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).

The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.

1. Synthetic The (simple) form of the comparative degree denotes greater degree manifestations of the symptom and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison ( original form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form ( more beautiful);

3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: base positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use in syntactic function definitions and predicates. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:

1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);

2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);

3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).

Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.

Adverb - This independent part speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However qualitative adverbs on - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).

Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling ) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part speech is divided into the following groups:

• relative;
• quality;
• possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookcase, children's play, destructive force, Brazil nut, double blow, religious views, etc.

Qualitative adjectives

This group has its own characteristics, namely:

• Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
• Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
• They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all high-quality ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare's hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.

Short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:

• brief;
• full adjectives.

Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.

Endings

Adjectives in the short singular form have the following gender endings:

• Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
• Masculine gender - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
• Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).

In plural There are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give an example: She's very smart. IN in this case the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.

What is the difference from full ones?

They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form is in the definition morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full ones syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. More often this phenomenon observed in phraseological turns or in works folk art(for example, n and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling short adjectives

To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.

Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

• zero or male;
• middle (-e or -o);
• female (-I or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:

The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:

1. Matching lexical meaning(For example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. They coincide only in certain values:

• “False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
• “False” meaning “insincere.” In this case, the short form will be "fake".
• “Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
• “Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as semantic synonym and differs from the full one in its meaning:

• the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
• the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
• the long form indicates an unrelated attribute, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
• in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).

1. on -nen, if the adjective is formed using the suffix -n- from a noun with a stem in -n or -ni/ (length-a - long - long, doubtful-i-e - undoubted - undoubted), from a verb with a stem on -n (save-and-t - preserved - preserved) using the suffix -enn- from nouns with a stem in -n (life - lifeless - lifeless);
2. to -en, if the adjective is formed from nominal stems with two or more final consonants using the suffix -enn- (disaster - disastrous - disastrous).

1. with suffixes -sk-, -ov-: friendly, fatherly, childish, comic, etc.; private, frontline, etc.;
2. with the suffix -N-: slanderous, bloody, area, etc. (but: fat - fat, sinful - sinful, etc.);
3. with the suffix -l- (formed from verbs): burnt, shabby, backward, withered, faded, cold, etc. (but: stunted - stunted, hoarse - hoarse, etc.);
4. with the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -enn-, the prefix raz-, denoting a high degree of manifestation of the characteristic: fat, cunning, plump, amiable, etc.;
5. adjectives starting with -ш(й), ascending to forms of the comparative degree and having lost their former meaning: larger, younger, older, etc.;
6. adjectives of color formed from nouns: chocolate, coffee, cream, lilac, etc.;
7. adjectives denoting the colors of animals: dun, black, bay, brown, gray, salty, etc.

More on the topic § 78. Formation of short forms of adjectives:

1. §18. Grammatical originality of the category of short forms of the adjective

Qualitative adjectives have constant sign– they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of ratios of the two forms and provides illustrative examples to secure the material.

What are the forms of adjectives?

In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:

• Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
• Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by cases), differ in book meaning. Sentences usually include nominal predicate. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.

Full and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.

Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives

Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. According to the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature adjectives are divided into three groups:

• Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
• Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
• Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).

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