The second name of the city of Siberia. The largest city in Siberia

Siberia is one of the most mysterious and harsh regions Russian Federation. Here is the famous Lake Baikal, total area which is equal to the area of the Netherlands. On its territory is located the Vasyugan swamp - the largest in the world. The area of Siberia is about 9.8 million square meters. km, which is more than half of the entire territory of Russia. Located in the northeastern part of Eurasia. What regions is its vast territory divided into?

Regions of Siberia: list

Siberia includes the following territories. Firstly, these are the republics: Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia. Secondly, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky, Khabarovsk. And also the official division of Siberia includes the regions: Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen.

Territory of Western Siberia

Regions occupy no less vast territory Western Siberia. The list will include the following territories: Altai Territory, Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, part of Khakassia, as well as the Kurgan region. One of the most ancient territories, which was inhabited by people about 1.5 million years ago, is Altai. Its length from west to east is about 600 km. Here they leak largest rivers not only Russia, but the whole world. These are Ob, Biya, Katun, Charysh. For example, the area of the Ob basin is about 70% of the entire Altai Territory.

Regions of Siberia: eastern part

To the territory Eastern Siberia belong to the lands of Buryatia, Transbaikal, Irkutsk region, as well as Tyva, Khakassia, Yakutia. The development of this area dates back to the 18th century. Then, by decree of Emperor Peter I, a fort was built on the territory of modern Khakassia. This time, namely 1707, is considered the date of the annexation of the Republic of Khakassia to the territory of Russia. The local people the Russians discovered in Siberia were shamans. They believed that the Universe was inhabited special perfumes- the owners.

The Republic of Buryatia, with its capital in the city of Ulan-Ude, is considered one of the most picturesque regions of Siberia. There are huge mountain ranges- mountains occupy an area four times larger than the plain area. A significant part of the Buryat border lies along the waters of Lake Baikal.

The Republic of Sakha is ahead of all regions of Siberia and the Far East in size. Moreover, Yakutia is also the most large region Russia. More than 40 percent of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. About 80% of the territory of Yakutia is occupied by taiga.

Omsk and Tomsk regions

Main city Omsk region is Omsk. Geographically, this area is a flat area with a continental climate. There are taiga forests, forest-steppes and steppes here. Forest occupies about 24% of the entire territory of the region. The territory with its center in the city of Tomsk is one of the most inaccessible. After all, most of it is represented by taiga forests. Here it is a large number of valuable deposits natural resources: oil, gas, metals and peat.

Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions

The Tyumen region is located on a flat territory. In terms of its area, it is in third place among the administrative subjects of Russia, in the Arctic, tundra and forest-tundra regions. The main oil and gas reserves of Russia lie here. The Novosibirsk region is famous for its rivers. There are about 350 rivers on its territory, as well as the main water artery, the Ob. There are also more than 3 thousand lakes here. regions - continental. It was first inhabited by representatives of Mongoloid tribes in the 7th-6th centuries. BC e.

Transbaikalia

The regions of Siberia amaze with their beauty and therefore are always attractive to tourists. One of such territories is the Trans-Baikal Territory. It is located in the eastern and south-eastern territory of Lake Baikal. Its center is the city of Chita. There are very long and severe winters here, and the warm season, on the contrary, is fleeting.

Far East and Western Siberia

On Far East there is a large part Russian rivers, whose mouths flow into the Pacific Ocean. Only about 5% of Russia's population lives here. Sometimes the Transbaikalia region is also included in this territory. Since the regions of Siberia are known for their vastness, disputes often arise regarding the division of its lands.

Western Siberia is located on a vast West Siberian Plain. Its area is about 2.6 million square meters. km. Its territory also contains a large amount of natural resources- mineral. There are about 2 thousand river arteries here.

Novosibirsk is the third in Russia

There are many settlements - cities, towns and villages in the Russian Trans-Urals, and the largest city is the capital of Siberia. Novosibirsk ranks third in Russia in terms of population after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to 2009 data, 1.397 million people are registered in Novosibirsk. The city’s birthday is considered to be April 30, 1893, but despite its youth, it is impossible to talk about Novosibirsk without using the word “most.” Firstly, the city is located on the banks of the long river in Russia - Ob. The length of the Ob with its main tributary, the Irtysh, is 5,410 km.

Secondly, the city has the largest opera and ballet theater in Russia, in terms of area, which is the hallmark of Novosibirsk. The theater building is an example of modernist architecture from the late 20s. During the construction of the theater, many unique constructive solutions, for example, the structure of a theater dome. The dome was designed by B.F Mater and P.L. Pasternak, the diameter of the dome is 60 meters with a thickness of only 8 centimeters - this is the largest dome of this design in the world.

Theater, Trans-Siberian Railway

In May 1931, the building was laid. And already on August 1, 1941, the official opening of the theater was planned. But the war made its own adjustments, and the opening of the theater took place on May 12, 1945. In the building of the future theater during the war, evacuated exhibits from museums in Moscow and Leningrad were stored.

The start of construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1891) gave impetus to the development of the city's industry. Before October revolution 1917 Novosibirsk (until 1925 - Novonikolaevsk) was a trading - industrial center Western Siberia. The leading industry in those years was the flour milling industry.

Factories of Novosibirsk

The largest Trud plant, founded in 1904, produced spare parts for mechanisms of mills, oil factories and agricultural machinery. Before the war of 1941-1945, many buildings were built in Novosibirsk industrial enterprises, among them is a tin plant, “Sibcombine”, and a boring machine plant. In 1936, an aircraft manufacturing plant was opened, which in 1939 was named after Valery Pavlovich Chkalov.

The second powerful impetus to the development of industry was given by the Great Patriotic War. Many enterprises from Leningrad and other cities of the USSR were evacuated to the largest city in Siberia, due to this, production for the front increases 8 times: only Yak fighters for the front were produced up to 33 aircraft per day.

Modern Novosibirsk

In modern Novosibirsk there are 214 enterprises that produce 2/3 of the total production of the Novosibirsk region. The leading industries of the city include mechanical engineering, metallurgy, energy, chemical, light and food industry. In 1985, the first metro stations were opened in Novosibirsk. This is the very first metro beyond the Urals with the world's longest covered metro bridge.

The city grew and developed rapidly; in just a few decades, a small town with a population of 100 thousand people became a millionaire city. Only Chicago can boast such growth rates. The center of the Russian Empire was located in Novosibirsk (Novonikolaevsk). In this place, in honor of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, a chapel was built in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, designed by the famous architect A.D. Kryachkov.

The chapel is a symbol of Novosibirsk

The design of the chapel is made in the style of Novgorod-Pskov architecture of the 12th-14th centuries. In 1933, according to a resolution of the City Council, “taking into account the wishes of the working masses and taking into account the improvement of the city,” the chapel was destroyed. For the 100th anniversary of the city, in 1993, the St. Nicholas Chapel was re-erected. The design of the new chapel was carried out by the architect P.A. Chernobrovtsev.
Novosibirsk also gained worldwide fame thanks to its unique zoo, which occupies one of the leading places in the world in the conservation of rare animal species.

The largest city in Siberia continues to actively grow and develop. Much attention is paid not only to the construction of new modern buildings, but also to the preservation of historical architectural heritage.

Andrey Koshelev, Samogo.Net

Population of Siberia

The population of Siberia is about 24 million people. The largest cities in Siberia are Novosibirsk 1 million 390 thousand, Omsk 1 million 131 thousand, Krasnoyarsk 936.4 thousand, Barnaul 597 thousand, Irkutsk 575.8 thousand, Novokuznetsk 562 thousand people, Tyumen 538 thousand people. Ethnically, the bulk of the population is Russian, but many others live in this territory ethnic groups and nationalities, such as Buryats, Dolgans, Nenets, Komi, Khakass, Chukchi, Evenks, Yakuts, etc.

The peoples of Siberia differed greatly in language, economic structure and social development.

The Yukagirs, Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Nivkhs, as well as the Asian Eskimos were at the earliest stage social organization. Their development went in the direction of patriarchal-clan orders, and some features were already evident (patriarchal family, slavery), but elements of matriarchy were still preserved: there was no division into clans and clan exogamy.

Most of the peoples of Siberia were on at various levels patriarchal-tribal system.

These are the Evenks, Kuznetsk and Chulym Tatars, Kotts, Kachins and other tribes Southern Siberia. Remnants of patriarchal-tribal relations were also preserved among many tribes that embarked on the path of class formation. These are the Yakuts, the ancestors of the Buryats, the Daurs, the Duchers, and the Khanty-Mansi tribes.

Only the Siberian Tatars, defeated by Ermak, had their own statehood.

Population of Eastern Siberia

The total urban population is 71.5%. The most urbanized is the Irkutsk region. and Krasnoyarsk region. Rural population prevails in autonomous okrugs: in the Buryat Ust-Ordynsky district there is no urban population at all, in the Buryat Aginsky district there is only 32% of it, and in the Evenki district - 29%.

The current migration growth of the VSED population is negative (-2.5 people.

per 1000 inhabitants), which causes depopulation of the region's population. Moreover, negative migration from the Taimyr and Evenki Autonomous Okrug is an order of magnitude higher than average and creates the prospect of complete depopulation of these regions.
The population density in the region is extremely low, four times lower than the Russian average.

IN Evenki district it is three people per 100 km2 - a record low level in the country. And only in the south - in the forest-steppe Khakassia - is the population density close to the Russian average.

The economically active population of Eastern Siberia was 50%, which is close to the national average.

About 23% of the working population was employed in industry (in Russia, 22.4% and 13.3%, respectively). The level of general unemployment is very high (in the Republics of Buryatia and Tyva, as well as in the Chita region.

The unemployment rate in the VSED is quite high, and among its members there is a large specific gravity hidden unemployment.
The ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Siberia was formed as a result of centuries-old mixing of the indigenous Turkic-Mongolian and Russian Slavic populations with the participation of small minor peoples of Siberia, including those living in the taiga regions and the Far North.

The peoples of the Turkic group live in the upper reaches of the Yenisei - Tuvinians, Khakassians.

Representatives of the Mongolian group, the Buryats, live in the mountains and steppes of Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia, and in the taiga regions of the central part Krasnoyarsk Territory- Evenks belonging to the Tungus-Manchu language group. On the Taimyr Peninsula live the Nenets, Nganasans and the Yurkic-speaking Dolgans (related to the Yakuts).

In the lower reaches of the Yenisei there lives a small people, the Keta, who have an isolated language that is not included in any of the groups. All of these peoples, with the exception of the extremely small Kets and Nganasans, have their own national-territorial entities - republics or districts.

Most of The population of Eastern Siberia adheres to the Orthodox religion, with the exception of the Buryats and Tuvans, who are Buddhists (Lamaists). The small peoples of the North and the Evenks retain traditional pagan beliefs.

Population of the West Siberian region

The total urban population is 71%.

The most urbanized are the Kemerovo region, where the number of urban residents reaches 87%, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 91%.

At the same time, in the Altai Republic, 75% of the population are rural residents.
The area varies in population density. Very high density population in the Kemerovo region. - about 32 people/km2.

Minimum density in polar Yamalo-Nenets District- 0.7 people/km2.

The economically active population of Western Siberia was 50%, which slightly exceeded average around the country. About 21% of the working population was employed in industry, and about 13.2% in agriculture.

The level of general unemployment in Western Siberia was lower than the Russian average only in the Tyumen region.

In other regions it exceeded the Russian average. In terms of the level of registered unemployment, all regions except the Novosibirsk region were in a worse position relative to the Russian average (1.4%). Most registered unemployed in Tomsk region- 2.1% economically active population. In the oil-producing Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug their number is 1.5 times higher than the Russian average.

The ethnic composition of the population of Western Siberia is represented by Slavic (mainly Russian), Ugric and Samoyed (Khanty, Mansi, Nenets) and Turkic (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Shors) peoples.

The Russian population is numerically predominant in all regions of the Western Economic Development Region. Nenets, part of the Samoyed language group Ural family live mainly in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and are its indigenous people. Khanty and Mansi, included in Ugric group Ural family, live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Turkic peoples- Kazakhs and Tatars live in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, and Altaians and Shors live in the mountainous regions of Altai and Mountain Shoria in the Kemerovo region.

The Russian population of Western Siberia is mainly Orthodox, the Tatars and Kazakhs are Muslims, the Altaians and Shors are partly Orthodox, some adhere to traditional pagan beliefs.

News and society

Indigenous population of Siberia. Population of Western and Eastern Siberia

Siberia occupies a vast geographical area Russia. Once it included such neighboring states as Mongolia, Kazakhstan and part of China. Today this territory belongs exclusively to the Russian Federation. Despite the huge area, settlements there are relatively few in Siberia.

Most of the region is occupied by tundra and steppe.

Description of Siberia

The entire territory is divided into Eastern and Western regions. In rare cases, theologians define and South Region, which represents the mountainous area of Altai.

The area of Siberia is about 12.6 million square meters. km. This is approximately 73.5% of common territory RF. Interestingly, Siberia is larger in area than Canada.

Of the main natural zones, in addition to the Eastern and Western regions, highlight the Baikal region and the Altai Mountains.

The largest rivers are the Yenisei, Irtysh, Angara, Ob, Amur and Lena. The most significant lake waters are Taimyr, Baikal and Uvs-Nur.

From an economic point of view, the centers of the region can be called cities such as Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk, etc.
Most high point Mount Belukha is considered to be in Siberia - over 4.5 thousand meters.

Population history

Historians call the Samoyed tribes the first inhabitants of the region.

These people lived in the northern part. Due to the harsh climate unique gender occupation was reindeer husbandry. They ate mainly fish from adjacent lakes and rivers. The Mansi people lived in the southern part of Siberia. Their favorite pastime was hunting. The Mansi traded furs, which were highly valued by Western merchants.

The Turks are another significant population of Siberia.

They lived in the upper reaches of the Ob River. They were engaged in blacksmithing and cattle breeding. Many Turkic tribes were nomadic. A little to the west of the mouth of the Ob River lived the Buryats. They became famous for the mining and processing of iron.

Most numerous ancient population Siberia represented Tungus tribes. They settled in the territory from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Yenisei. They made a living by reindeer herding, hunting and fishing.

The more prosperous were engaged in crafts.
On the coast Chukchi Sea there were thousands of Eskimos. These tribes for a long time was the slowest cultural and social development. Their only tools are a stone ax and a spear. They were primarily engaged in hunting and gathering.

In the 17th century there was a sharp leap in the development of the Yakuts and Buryats, as well as the northern Tatars.

Video on the topic

Native people

The population of Siberia today consists of dozens of nations.

Each of them, according to the Russian Constitution, has its own right to national identification.

Many nations Northern region they even received autonomy within the Russian Federation with all the attendant branches of self-government. This contributed not only to the rapid development of the culture and economy of the region, but also to the preservation of local traditions and customs.

Indigenous population of Siberia to a greater extent consists of Yakuts. Their number varies between 480 thousand people. Most of the population is concentrated in the city of Yakutsk - the capital of Yakutia.

The next largest people are the Buryats. There are more than 460 thousand of them. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude. Lake Baikal is considered the main asset of the republic. It is interesting that this particular region is recognized as one of the main Buddhist centers in Russia.

Tuvinians are the population of Siberia, which, according to the latest census, numbers about 264 thousand people.

In the Republic of Tyva, shamans are still revered.

The population of such peoples as the Altaians and Khakassians is almost equal: 72 thousand people each. The indigenous people of the districts are adherents of Buddhism.
The Nenets population is only 45 thousand people. They live on Kola Peninsula. Throughout their history, the Nenets were famous nomads.

Today their priority income is reindeer herding.

Also in Siberia live such peoples as Evenks, Chukchi, Khanty, Shors, Mansi, Koryaks, Selkups, Nanais, Tatars, Chuvans, Teleuts, Kets, Aleuts and many others. Each of them has its own centuries-old traditions and legends.

Population

The dynamics of the region's demographic component fluctuates significantly every few years.

This is due to the massive movement of young people to southern cities Russia and sharp jumps in birth and death rates. There are relatively few immigrants in Siberia. The reason for this is the harsh climate and specific living conditions in villages.

According to the latest data, the population of Siberia is about 40 million people. This is more than 27% of total number people living in Russia.

The population is evenly distributed across regions. In the northern part of Siberia there are no large settlements due to poor living conditions. On average, there is 0.5 square meters per person here. km of land.

The most densely populated cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk - 1.57 and 1.05 million inhabitants, respectively. Next according to this criterion are Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen and Barnaul.

Peoples of Western Siberia

Cities account for about 71% of the region's total population.

Most of the population is concentrated in the Kemerovo and Khanty-Mansiysk districts. However, the agricultural center Western region is considered the Altai Republic.

It is noteworthy that the Kemerovo District ranks first in population density - 32 people/sq. km.
The population of Western Siberia is 50% able-bodied. Most of the employment comes from industry and agriculture.

The region has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country, with the exception of the Tomsk region and Khanty-Mansiysk.

Today the population of Western Siberia is Russians, Khanty, Nenets, and Turks. By religion, there are Orthodox, Muslims, and Buddhists.

Population of Eastern Siberia

The share of urban residents varies between 72%. The most economically developed are the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.

From point of view Agriculture The most important point in the region is the Buryat Okrug.
Every year the population of Eastern Siberia is becoming smaller. Recently, there has been a sharp negative trend in migration and birth rates.

Also here is the most low density population in the country. In some areas it is 33 square meters. km per person. Unemployment is high.

The ethnic composition includes such peoples as Mongols, Turks, Russians, Buryats, Evenks, Dolgans, Kets, etc. Most of the population are Orthodox and Buddhists.

Between Ural mountains in the west and the bed of the Yenisei in the east there is a vast territory called Western Siberia. Let's look at the list of cities in this region below. The area occupied by the region is 15% of the entire territory of Russia. The population is 14.6 million people, according to 2010 data, and this is 10% of the total population in the Russian Federation. It has a continental climate with harsh winters and warm summer. On the territory of Western Siberia there are tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones.

Novosibirsk

This city was founded in 1893. He is considered the most big city in Western Siberia and ranks third in number in Russia. It is often called the Siberian capital. The population of Novosibirsk is 1.6 million people (as of 2017). The city is located on both banks of the Ob River.

Novosibirsk is also a major transport hub in Russia; the Trans-Siberian Railway passes through here. Railway. The city has many scientific buildings, libraries, universities and research institutes. This suggests that it is one of the cultural and scientific centers of the country.

Omsk

This city in Western Siberia was founded in 1716. From 1918 to 1920, the city was the capital of White Russia, a state under Kolchak that did not last long. Located on the left bank of the Om River, at its confluence with the Irtysh River. Omsk is considered a major transport hub, as well as a scientific and cultural center of Western Siberia. There are many cultural attractions that make the city interesting to tourists.

Tyumen

This oldest city in Western Siberia. Tyumen was founded in 1586 and is located 2000 kilometers from Moscow. She happens to be regional center two districts: Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets and together with them constitutes the most large area In Russian federation. Tyumen is energy center Russia. The city's population is 744 thousand people, as of 2017.

IN Tyumen region large production facilities for the extraction of petroleum products are concentrated, so it can rightfully be called the oil and gas capital of Russia. Companies such as Lukoil, Gazprom, TNK and Schlumberger are based here. Oil and gas production in Tyumen accounts for 2/3 of all oil and gas production in the Russian Federation. Mechanical engineering is also developed here. A large number of factories are concentrated in the central part of the city.

The city has a lot of parks and squares, greenery and trees, many beautiful squares with fountains. Tyumen is famous for its magnificent embankment on the Tura River; it is the only four-level embankment in Russia. The largest drama theater is also located here, there is international Airport and a major railway junction.

Barnaul

This city in Western Siberia is administrative center Altai region. Located 3,400 kilometers from Moscow, in the place where the Barnaulka River flows into the Ob. It is a large industrial and transport center. The population in 2017 was 633 thousand people.

In Barnaul you can see many unique sights. This city has a lot of greenery, parks and, in general, it is very clean. Altai nature, mountain landscapes, forests and a large number of rivers are especially pleasant for tourists.

The city has many theaters, libraries and museums, making it the educational and cultural center of Siberia.

Novokuznetsk

Another city in Western Siberia, belonging to the Kemerovo region. It was founded in 1618 and was originally a fortress; at that time it was called Kuznetsk. The modern city appeared in 1931, at that moment the construction of a metallurgical plant began, and the small settlement was given city status and a new name. Novokuznetsk is located on the banks of the Tom River. The population in 2017 was 550 thousand people.

This city is considered an industrial center; there are many metallurgical and coal mining plants and enterprises on its territory.

Novokuznetsk has many cultural attractions that can interest tourists.

Tomsk

The city was founded in 1604 in the eastern part of Siberia, on the coast of the Tom River. As of 2017, the population was 573 thousand people. It is considered the scientific and educational center of the Siberian region. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are well developed in Tomsk.

For tourists and historians, the city is interesting for its monuments of wooden and stone architecture of the 18th-20th centuries.

Kemerovo

This city in Western Siberia was founded in 1918 on the site of two villages. Until 1932 it was called Shcheglovsk. The population of Kemerovo in 2017 was 256 thousand people. The city is located on the banks of the Tom and Iskitimka rivers. It is the administrative center of the Kemerovo region.

Coal mining enterprises operate in Kemerovo. Chemical, food and light industries are also developed here. The city has important economic, cultural, transport and industrial value in Siberia.

Mound

This city was founded in 1679. The population in 2017 was 322 thousand people. People call Kurgan the “Siberian Gate”. It is located on the left side of the Tobol River.

Kurgan is an important economic, cultural and scientific center. There are many factories and enterprises on its territory.

The city is famous for the production of its buses, BMP-3 and Kurganets-25 infantry fighting vehicles, and medical advances.

For tourists, Kurgan is interesting for its cultural attractions and monuments.

Surgut

This city in Western Siberia was founded in 1594 and is considered one of the first Siberian cities. As of 2017, the population was 350 thousand people. This is a large river port in the Siberian region. Surgut is considered an economic and transport center; the energy and oil industries are well developed here. The city is home to two of the most powerful thermal power plants in the world.

Since Surgut is an industrial city, there are not many attractions here. One of them is the Yugorsky Bridge - the longest in Siberia, it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records.

Now you know which cities in Western Siberia are considered the largest. Each of them is unique, beautiful and interesting in its own way. Most of them were formed due to the development of the coal, oil and gas industries.

“Siberia... Far and close at the same time. If you get there by train it’s a long way, on foot it’s even further. Closer - by plane. And very close - in my soul,” wrote Russian publicist Yegor Isaev. With Mazda6 we were lucky enough to look into the very heart of Siberia, its former capital - nice city Tobolsk

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Moscow city
City of Tobolsk

Not of this world

Still, it is no coincidence that the ancestors believed that the destiny of Rus' was “not of this world.” Whatever one may say, our primary task was not to arrange our life in the same way as our neighbors in the West did, because Holy Rus' hoped for only one thing - a return to the Kingdom of Heaven. All Old Russian culture- this is the path to Heaven. The great-grandfathers knew: man will not build heaven on earth, even if you crack. So our cities are pure metaphysics. Perhaps, perhaps the most “unworldly” of all Russian cities is Tobolsk. Nowhere have legends and prophecies come true as they did in the history of Tobolsk land. No other provincial city has tied so many glorious and destinies into one knot. famous personalities, as connected by the old capital of Siberia - the city of Tobolsk. Yes, under what circumstances! But more on that later.

Winter Tobolsk greeted us sternly: with a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with an angry face. And he didn’t flirt with the cheerful Siberian sun at all.

Winter Tobolsk greeted us sternly: with a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with a gray angry face. And, contrary to expectations, he did not flirt with the cheerful Siberian sun at all. Looking like a gray-haired, grumpy old man who smelled of stove and shag, Tobolsk seemed to be frowning at us, checking for lice: what are you like, whose will you be, what have you come with? Then the “old man” will blush and break into a good-natured smile, then the sun will come out, and the sedate views of the Irtysh will open up, and wide tables will appear, richly laid with Siberian law. In the meantime, our Mazda6 quietly crept along the snow-covered streets of the ancient city, and we carefully looked closely at the local decoration, inhaling with all our hearts amazing story these places.

“Unknown by birth, famous by soul”

The very fact of the emergence of this city and its prehistory give rise to a lot of mysteries, which begin with the personality of the one who is considered to be the “conqueror of Siberia” - Ermak Timofeevich Alenin. Scientists have still not come to a unanimous opinion about what kind of character this is in Russian history, who only had seven names. Few people know that Ermak was also called Ermolai, German, Ermil, Vasily, Timofey and Eremey. Who is this husband by origin? Different chronicles say differently. “Unknown by birth, famous in soul,” says one of them. For the majority, he came from the estates of the Stroganov industrialists on the Chusovaya River, who later went to “fly” to the Volga and Don and became a Cossack chieftain. According to another version, he is purebred Don Cossack from the Kachalinskaya village, according to the third - from the Pomors of the Boretsk volost, according to the fourth - a representative of a noble Turkic family.

In one of the chronicles

a description of Ermak Timofeevich’s appearance is given: “Velmi is courageous, and humane, and bright-eyed, and pleased with all wisdom, flat-faced, black-haired, average in age (that is, height), and flat, and broad-shouldered.”

August 15, 1787

The great Russian composer Alexander Alexandrovich Alyabyev was born into a family of nobles in Tobolsk in the family of vice-governor Alexander Vasilyevich Alyabyev.

Another question: why did he go to Siberia? For modern historians have the right to life three different versions, each of which at the same time has its own weak sides. Did Ivan the Terrible bless the Cossacks to go on a campaign to annex new lands to his possessions? Did the Stroganov industrialists equip Ermak to protect their towns from raids? Siberian Tatars Whether the chieftain went on a raid without permission “for the zipuns,” that is, for the purpose of personal gain, historians are still arguing. Be that as it may, according to archival documents Ambassadorial Prikaz Khan Kuchum, owner Khanate of Siberia, had an army of approximately ten thousand. How Ermak, with a detachment numbering, according to various sources, from 540 to 1636 people, could conquer Siberia remains a mystery. Although the Remezov Chronicle mentions the figure “5000”, but here we're talking about about the size of the reserves taken by the squad (“for the opening of 5000 people”) and indicates only that these reserves were very large.

Angel Palm

Let's return to the city from which Russian Siberia began. Her future capital originated in 1587, in picturesque place on the banks of the Irtysh, seventeen kilometers from the former capital of the Khanate, where the significant battle of Ermak took place on the Chuvash Cape. According to legend, Tobolsk is blessed by the Holy Trinity, which is why it was founded on this holiday. The first city building was the Trinity Church, and the cape was named Trinity. Subsequently, this part of the city, located on the mountain, began to be called the Upper Posad, and the one below - the Lower Posad. The lower city has remained virtually unchanged since pre-revolutionary times. The only thing is that the tops of the churches and bell towers have thinned out considerably, but the buildings have not changed much. To be convinced of this, just look at vintage photographs Prokudin-Gorsky.

Although by default Tobolsk was considered the capital of Siberia for as long as late XVI century, this title was officially consolidated by Peter the Great's reform of 1708, when Tobolsk became the administrative center of the largest Siberian province in Russia, which included the territory from Vyatka to Russian America. Until the 18th century geographical maps Tobolsk is sometimes referred to as the “city of Siberia”.

“The Siberian city of Tobolesk is like an angel! His right hand is a ward rank. Having the lower seat in his hand, left hand- the cathedral church and the wall of the stone pillar, the right side - the ravine to the Irtysh, the left - the ridge and the Kurdyumka River, the right wing - Tobol to the steppe, the left - the Irtysh. This angel is a joy-giver throughout Siberia and a fair adornment, and there is peace and silence with foreigners.” These words belong boyar's son, a native of Tobolsk, writer, historian, architect, builder, cartographer, icon painter Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov. It was he who designed and built the first stone Kremlin on Siberian soil. According to one version, when dying, Remezov bequeathed his bones to be ground into powder, which was to be used as a building material during the restoration of the Tobolsk Kremlin. This is “love for one’s native ashes.”

The “Silver Age” of Tobolsk began in the first half of the 17th century - in 1621 the city became the center of the newly formed Siberian diocese. Construction began on the extensive bishop's courtyard and the wooden St. Sophia Cathedral. With the growing importance of Tobolsk as the most important administrative, spiritual and cultural center of Siberia, the role of the Tobolsk Kremlin grew as a symbol of the greatness of the Russian state, which covered more and more new lands. Maybe I experienced the notorious tourist complex, but it should be noted that being on Trinity Cape in the historical part of the Upper Town, looking at the endless Siberian landscapes, you experience an unforgettable sensation: the memory of the past heyday of this city and legendary ancestors, the entire history of the fatherland, and time itself seemed frozen in these harsh places.

One of the legends speaks about the special grace given to the city by God. In the fall of 1620, on the way to Tobolsk - the first diocese in Siberia - the newly appointed Archbishop of Tobolsk, the Venerable Cyprian, appeared in a dream from an angel of God. He covered with his luminous palm lower city and ordered to build churches in Nizhny Posad so that they would repeat it. The angel promised that in this case the grace of God would descend on the city and special people would be born here - “kissed by God.” And so it happened. One after another, the churches were built in Tobolsk according to the trace of the angel's palm: “And they flared up like sparks of God on the fingertips of the sacred palm.

Russian exile began from Tobolsk. The first Tobolsk exile is considered to be the Uglich bell.

They did not have time to build a church only on the symbolic fifth finger. But the higher will turned out to be stronger, and another branch of Christianity completed and fulfilled Cyprian’s prophetic dream. It was only according to the Supreme Providence that the Catholic church was built on the fifth finger, which completed the drawing of the “Palm of an Angel” in Nizhny Tobolsk.”

Indeed, Tobolsk gave the world a large number famous people for such a relatively small city. Here are just a few of them: artist Vasily Perov, composer Alexander Alyabyev, philosopher Gavriil Batenkov, scientist Dmitry Mendeleev, elder Grigory Rasputin, founder of the Geneva School of Linguistics, linguist Sergei Kartsevsky, inventor of television, scientist Boris Grabovsky, chief architect of the Ostankino Tower and Luzhniki Stadium Nikolai Nikitin, actress Lydia Smirnova, actor Alexander Abdulov.

The birthplace of Alexander Abdulov is Tobolsk, and not Fergana, as many publications claim about the actor’s life. Alexander's father, Gavriil Danilovich, served as director and chief director at the Tobolsk Drama Theater.

The wooden house where the Abdulov family lived is still preserved in the foothills of the city. Gavriil Abdulov worked in Tobolsk from 1952 to 1956. And here in 1955 he was awarded the honorary title “Honored Artist of the RSFSR”.

Native of Tobolsk

the great scientist-encyclopedist Dmitry Mendeleev is known as a chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, teacher, aeronaut, and instrument maker.

During his exile

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky met in Tobolsk with the wives of the Decembrists, one of whom gave the writer an old Gospel, which he kept all his life. In the final scene of “Crime and Punishment” (the conversation between the exiled Raskolnikov and Marmeladova), the surroundings of Tobolsk are recognized.

Born in the village of Pokrovskoye, Tobolsk district, in the family of coachman Efim Vilkin and Anna Parshukova. In the 1900s among certain circles Petersburg society had a reputation as an “old man,” a seer and a healer.

Historically, in Russian Empire It was Tobolsk that became the first “exiled” city. And the first to go into exile was... the Uglich bell, which sounded the alarm during the city uprising after the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible and the only legal heir of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Following the bell, Archpriest Avvakum, the Decembrists (along with their wives), Dostoevsky, Korolenko, and the last Emperor Nicholas II, and tens of thousands of other exiles and convicts of the Russian Empire.

Tobolsk suffered the fate of many pioneering Siberian cities. The gradual decline of the city is mainly due to the transfer Siberian tract, when the nature of the development of Siberia changed and there was a shift in population and economic life to the south, into the forest-steppe. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through neighboring Tyumen, and from the second half of the 19th century, Tobolsk began to lose its former influence...

Nowadays, just over one hundred thousand people live in Tobolsk. The city is coming to life and even promises to grow again. In addition to the fact that the city-forming petrochemical plant “Tobolsk-Neftekhim” operates here, a large enterprise for the production of polypropylene “Tobolsk-Polymer” is being built not far from the city. Old capital Siberia risks becoming not only a tourist Mecca, but also a major industrial center. The history of Siberia continues, miracles are yet to come...

Lanterns in Tobolsk - separate topic. Walking through the streets of the city, sometimes it seems that there are as many of them as there are stars in the sky. The thing is that the city is home to the Yugor lantern manufacturing enterprise, which is known far beyond the borders of Tobolsk and the Tyumen region. The Ugra light is familiar to many Russian cities. Siberian lanterns illuminate not only Tobolsk, but also the Moscow Kremlin and Sochi beaches...

Our arrow has ripened everywhere

In 1582, Ermak won the main battle at the Chuvash Cape on the Irtysh, defeated Kuchum and occupied the capital of the Khanate - the city of Siber. This is where the familiar name of our great expanses between the Urals and Pacific Ocean. True, after two years of possession, the Cossacks again ceded their conquests back to Kuchum, but a year later they returned forever. And fifty years after the death of Ermak, the centurion Pyotr Beketov founded the Yakut fort on the banks of the Lena - future city Yakutsk Four years later, another ataman, Ivan Moskvitin, was the first European to reach the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov founded a winter quarters here, which later grew into the first Russian port - the city of Okhotsk. Through severe frosts, thousands of kilometers of impenetrable taiga and swamps - in just half a century. Colonization North America Europeans went on for four hundred years - from the 16th to the 19th centuries. And even with this the Russians helped them. Alaska, Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Islands were explored and mapped in the mid-18th century thanks to the Second Kamchatka expedition Vitus Bering and Alexey Chirikov. Know ours!

Last link

On August 6, 1917, at 6 o’clock in the afternoon, Tobolsk greeted the steamship on which the last one arrived in exile with the ringing of bells. Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family. The exiled royals were settled in the governor's house, located near the pier. The family occupied the second floor of the building; the dining room and servants' rooms were located on the first floor. In April 1918, the Romanovs, by order of the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, were transported to Yekaterinburg, and Tobolsk went down in history as “the city that did not kill the Tsar.” Currently this house is located City Administration, which promises to release soon historical monument to organize a museum of the royal family here.

Siberian "mazdovod"

The main guide to the Siberian land was the Mazda6, to which I would like to pay a special prostration as a sign of gratitude for its impeccable work in the harsh Siberian winter. In addition, the “six” periodically hypnotized local residents, deservedly attracting the admiring glances of local “mazdovods”, of whom Siberian expanses it turned out to be quite a lot. One young man from Tobolsk, driving a previous model of Mazda, could not stand it and, having caught up with us at a traffic light, he literally showered us with persistent questions about the new car. My eyes were burning, curiosity was eating me up, and the conversation dragged on, so I had to turn on the emergency lights. Of course, we couldn’t give up the coveted steering wheel to him, so it wasn’t easy to part with him...

Let's list all the cities of Siberia (a list of them is in the article). They differ from each other in location, population, history, and culture.
We will consider the cities of Siberia (see the list below) for each region. The list gives short description some of them, as well as the population according to the 2016 census.
So, we present to the reader’s attention all the cities of Siberia: a list in alphabetical order by region.

Altai Republic

Gorno-Altaisk - 62860.

Altai region

Aleysk - 28528. Barnaul - 635583. From the north and east the city is surrounded by the Ob - one of the greatest rivers in the world. Belokurikha - 15072. Biysk - 203822. Gornyak - 13000. Zmeinogorsk - 10568. Zarinsk - 47035. Kamen-on-Obi - 41786 .Novoaltaysk - 73134. Rubtsovsk - 146385. Slavgorod - 30370. Yarovoye - 18085.

Buryatia

Babushkin - 4620. Gusinoozersk - 23358. Zakamensk - 11234. Kyakhta - 19985. Severobaykalsk - 23940. Ulan-Ude - 430551. Included in the list of antipodean cities. Its counterpart is the city of Puerto Natales in Chile.

Transbaikalia

Baley - 11586. Borzya - 29050. Krasnokamensk - 53242. Mogocha - 13525. Nerchinsk - 14820. Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky - 16800. Sretensk - 6620. Khilok - 10853. Chita - 343510. A special feature of Chita is the presence of natural landscapes within the city traits. Shilka - 12984.

Irkutsk region

Alzamay - 6135. Angarsk - 226777. Baikalsk - 12900. Biryusinsk - 8484. Bodaibo - 13420. Bratsk - 234145. Vikhorevka - 21455. Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky - 23980. Winter - 31282.

Old City

Kemerovo region

last years

ecological situation

modern city

Krasnoyarsk region

Artyomovsk - 1777. Achinsk - 105366. Bogotol - 20477. Borodino - 16220. Divnogorsk - 29050. Dudinka - 21974. Yeniseisk - 18155. Zheleznogorsk - 84542. Zaozerny - 10270. Zelenogorsk - 62670. Igar ka - 4979. Ilansky - 15134. Kansk - 91 019. Kodinsk - 16222. Krasnoyarsk - 1066944. A city with a population of over a million, the heyday of which began during the “gold rush” in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Lesosibirsk - 59846. Minusinsk - 68310. Nazarovo - 60652. Norilsk - 177430. Sosnovoborsk - 38416. Uyar - 12210. Uzhur - 15567. Sharypovo - 37258.

Novosibirsk region

Cultural Center

federal significance

great river

Omsk region

Isilkul - 23545. Kalachinsk - 22717. Nazyvaevsk - 11333.

Omsk - 1178390. Known for aerospace industry enterprises. Tara - 28013. Tyukalinsk - 10493.

Tomsk region

ancient city

Tyva

Ak-Dovurak - 13664. Kyzyl - 115870. Turan - 4900. Chadan - 8861. Shagonar - 10920.

Khakassia

Abaza - 15800. Abakan - 179 163. Sayanogorsk - 48300. Sorsk - 11500. Chernogorsk - 74268. Now you know all the cities of Siberia. The list is given above.